In many cultures and societies, food is more than “just a meal” – it can be a celebration, a ritual, or a symbol of life. However, for those who are chronically or seriously ill,  loss of appetite is a natural occurrence, as the body’s way of digesting food changes and it simply cannot digest food as it once did.

A change in the ability to eat is a natural consequence of many terminal illnesses, especially advanced cancer. Loss of appetite can occur as a result of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or even some medications. Cancer patients have the added challenge of dealing with cells that produce chemicals which affect taste buds and parts of the brain. These parts of the brain control taste, nausea, vomiting and the sense of “fullness” so when the chemicals reach the brain, it can lead to loss of appetite. Usually such appetite changes are on a gradual basis.

What can be done to help with a loss of appetite?

There is much that family members or caregivers can do for loss of appetite. However, it is important to talk with the loved one’s/patient’s healthcare provider, to identify the underlying cause of loss of appetite and discuss treatment options available. Here are a few things to keep in mind when dealing with a loss of appetite.

• Accept loss of appetite as an expected and normal part of the disease
• Allow the patient to make selections of food and drink
• Do not push food or drink if the patient refuses
• Use medications as ordered by the healthcare provider
• Avoid highly seasoned or salty foods
• Try new spices and flavoring for foods
• Moisten dry foods with gravies and sauces
• Encourage fluids
• Offer small frequent meals at time when the patient has the least pain and is well rested
• Have dentures relined or use dental adhesive if dentures are loose
• Provide mouth care before and after meals
• Lessen dry mouth with use of ice chips, artificial saliva and lip moisturizers
• Appetite tends to decrease as the day progresses
• Try use of nutritional supplements such as Ensure or Boost
• Find other ways to show love and caring rather than through food, such as hugs, massage, cuddling, presence at bedside, reading one’s favorite book, watching a favorite show together
• Acknowledge the difficulty to watch someone you love eat less than what they use to

Make sure to contact the patient’s healthcare provider if the following occurs:

• Coughing or choking with eating/drinking
• Difficulty chewing or swallowing
• Nausea
• Total refusal of food or fluids
• If you are feeling caregiver frustration, helplessness or fears due to loss of appetite

For family caregivers and those caring for someone who is seriously ill, it can be challenging to understand that loss of appetite is a natural occurrence. However, understanding this reality and being knowledgeable about what can be done to benefit the patient can enhance quality of life for all involved.